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Allen Memorial Library

VCSU Library Citation Guide

Citation help for the five citation styles most used at VCSU.

JWM Formatting and Citations

Journal of Wildlife Management Citation Basics

  • All citations should be double spaced
  • Indent after the first line of each entry
  • Entries are not numbered
  • If an element is not present, omit it
  • Alphabetize by the first word of the entry
  • Enter author's last name followed by first and middle initials
  • Capitalize ONLY the first word of a title and proper nouns in titles of books and articles, no matter how they appear in a database or catalog. 

Elements of a Citation

The Journal of Wildlife Management uses many of the same elements as other citation styles. The specific elements vary based on the type of source being cited, but the general elements can be broken down into a few categories.

Author, Editor, or Creator:

The creator of the source. The author can be one person, multiple people, an organization, a government body, or even a company. Some sources may have multiple creators. For example, a chapter in an edited book will have an author and an editor.

Publication Date:

The date the source was created. The year a source was published is the most important, months and days are usually irrelevant.

Titles:

What your source is called. Titles include article titles, book titles, chapter titles, journal titles, website titles, etc. Depending on what kind of source you are using, you may have multiple titles. For example, when citing an article, you need both the title of the article and the title of the journal it was published in.

Edition or Volume:

Descriptors to help specify your source. Editions are usually connected to books. You might see the fifth edition, the 25th anniversary edition, or a revised edition. Volume and Issue numbers are connected to journal articles. While many journals are published online, articles may still have issue numbers and volume numbers. You could see these listed as Volume 12 Issue 4 or Volume 24 Spring.

Pages or Location Information:

Where your source is located. Page numbers are most important for journal articles and book chapters. Some journal articles use e-locators instead of page numbers, which you will find on the article page.

Publication Information:

Who published the source and where. The publisher and place of publication are used for books, government publications, theses or dissertations, and symposia proceedings.

DOI or URL:

location of a web source. DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier and is most often connected with journal articles. The Journal of Wildlife Management does not require DOIs in citations and only needs URLs for website citations.

Formatting Authors in Reference Page Citations

Single Author:

Put the author's last name first, then the first initial, include the middle initial if applicable. 

Jonas, J. 

2 Authors:

Use last name and first initial for both authors. The first author's name should be written last name first, the second author's name should have the first initial first. 

Jonas, J., and C. Roan.

3 to 10 Authors:

List all authors by their last names and initials, separate names with commas. The first author's name should be reversed (last name first), while the rest of the authors' names should be listed first initial first. 

Jonas, J., C. Roan, D. Bowie, J. Lennon, and M. Jackson. 

11 or more Authors: 

List the first 10 authors by their last names and initials followed by et al. Separate names with commas.  The first author's name should be reversed (last name first), while the rest of the authors' names should be listed first initial first. 

Jonas, J., C. Roan, D. Bowie, J. Lennon, M. Jackson, B. Eilish, C. R. Jepsen, N. K. Cole, T. Swift, P. Stump et al. 

 

In-Text Citation Information

We use in-text citations to let readers know which source on our reference list provided which information. The Journal of Wildlife Management uses parentheses for in-text citations, usually including the name of the author and the date of publication, with page numbers added for direct quotes or paraphrases. The following examples cover the most common types of in-text citation. 

Citing one author when name is not mentioned in the sentence: (Smith 2015)

Citing one author when name is mentioned in the sentence: Smith (2015) 

Citing two authors when names are not mentioned in the sentence: (Smith and Doe 2018)

Citing two authors when names are mentioned in the sentence: Smith and Doe (2018)

Citing three or more authors when names are not mentioned in the sentence: (Smith et al. 2022)

Citing three or more authors when names are mentioned in the sentence: Smith et al. (2022)

Basic Format

AuthorLastName, A. A. Year of Publication. Title of book. Edition (if applicable) Publisher, Place of Publication.

Hilborn, R. 2019. Ocean recovery: a sustainable future for global fisheries? Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.

Jennings, B., T. T. Cable, and R. Burrows. 2005. Birds of the Great Plains. Lone Pine, Auburn, Washington, USA. 

Edited Book Without Author                                                                                           

EditorLastName, E. E., editor. Year of Publication. Title of book. Publisher, Place of Publication.

 

Dregni, M., editor. 1999. This old farm: a treasury of family farm memories. Voyageur Press, Stillwater, Minnesota, USA. 

Chapter in an Edited Book                                                                                             

AuthorLastName, A. A. Year of Publication. Title of chapter. Pages ##-## in E. E. EditorLastName, editor. Title of book. 

Publisher, Place of Publication.

Matthew, R. A. 2014. Climate change and human security. Pages 257-294 in J. F. C. DiMento and P. Doughman, editors.

Climate change: what it means for us, our children, and our grandchildren. Second Edition. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

Multivolume Work                                                                                                      

AuthorLastName, A. A.  Year of Publication. Title of book. Volume #. Publisher, Place of Publication.

Briggs, W. R., R. L. Jones, and V. Walbot. 1985. Annual review of plant physiology. Volume 36. Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, California, USA.

Notes about Citing Journal Articles

  • Only include the issue number of a journal if each issue in a volume has unique page numbers.
  • Some journals have e-locators instead of page numbers, when this is the case, replace the page number with the e-locator.

Basic Format                                                                                                               

AuthorLastName, A. A., and B. B. AuthorLastName. Year of Publication. Title of article. Title of Journal Volume #(Issue #): Full

page range.

 

Zelenak, J. R., and J. J. Rotella. 1997. Nest success and productivity of ferruginous hawks in northern Montana. Canadian

Journal of Zoology 75:233-237. 

 

Note about Government Reports

  • If the government agency or office that created the report has a state name in it, leave out the state name from the place of publication.

Report by Government Agency or Other Organization

Government Agency/Organization. Date of Publication. Title of publication. Edition Number and/or Series & Number (if applicable). Place of Publication. 

 

North Dakota Game and Fish Department. 2022. Status of mountain lion management in North Dakota, 2022.

Bismarck, USA.

Report by Individual Authors at Government Agency or Other Organization

AuthorLastName, A.A.. Date of Publication. Title of publication. Name of Government Agency/Office Series & number (if applicable), Place of Publication. 

 

Breeggmann, J. J., B. Graeb, S. Gangl, and R. Hiltner. 2013. Growth potential of walleye in Devil's Lake, North

Dakota. North Dakota Game and Fish Department Fisheries Division Report 88, Bismark, USA.

Basic Format

AuthorLastName, A. A.  Date of Publication. Title of thesis/dissertation. Source Type, Institution Name, Place of publication.

Note: For source type, use Thesis for an M.A. or M.S. paper and Dissertation for a Ph.D. paper.

 

Elsheim, M. 2022. Designing sustainable fish boxes for distribution of fish. Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and

Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Website 

Author/Organization Name. Date of Publication. Web page name. <URL>.  Accessed Day Month Year.

 

National Wildlife Foundation [NWF]. 2023. Moose. <https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife

Guide/Mammals/Moose>. Accessed 9 Nov. 2023.

Newspaper, Newsletters, and Magazine Articles

AuthorLastName, A. A. Year of Publication. Title of article. Name of Newspaper/Magazine/Newsletter. Volume(Issue # if applicable): page range. 

 

Wilson, R. 2023. Working with partners. North Dakota Outdoors. 86(3):6-9. 

Bibliography

Use Hanging Indent citations [in Word, highlight text, right click, select Paragraph, and choose “Hanging” under Indentation:]

  • List your references or sources used beginning on a new page, not following the conclusion paragraph(s).
  • May use Works Cited, Bibliography, or Literature Cited as the page heading.  
  • Center the heading (Works Cited, Bibliography, etc.) at the top of the Works Cited page.
  • List references alphabetically by author/editor last name.  If no author/editor is present, alphabetize by title of the work, omitting initial A, An, or The.
  • Double space citations [in Word, highlight text, right click, select Paragraph, and choose “Double” under Spacing: ]
  • Double space between each reference listed.